MBA术语.doc

A Ability-to-pay principle 能力纳税原则The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage 绝对优势The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Aggregate-demand curve 总需求曲线A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level Aggregate-supply curve 总供给曲线A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level Appreciation 升值An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Automatic stabilizers 自动稳定器Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output Average revenue 平均收益Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate 平均税率Total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost 平均总成本Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost 平均可变成本Variables costs divided by the quantity of output Accelerator 加速数the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy Acquired endowments 后天禀赋 resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population Adaptive expectations 适应性预期expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future aggregate expenditures schedule 总支出曲线a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed pric