culture1a研究生A.ppt

Culture What is culture? “… Culture is defined as the shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs (认知的建构), and affective understanding (情感的理解) that are learned through a process of socialization.” The essence of a culture is not its artifacts (人造物品), tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how the members of the group interpret, use, and perceive them. It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies; “Culture: learned and shared human patterns or models for living; day- to-day living patterns.” Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. By culture we mean all those historically created designs for living, explicit and implicit, rational and irrational, which exist at any given time as potential guides for the behavior of men. Culture...consists in those patterns relative to behavior and the products of human action which may be inherited, that is, passed on from generation to generation independently of the biological genes . Culture the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization; 2. all the knowledge and values shared by a society --- the attitudes of Western people towards life --- the values they share --- What do they value highly? 苏格拉（Socrates，前468~前399） --- 把哲学从天道转入人事，关注人的灵魂的健全甚于俊美的肉体。 --- 坚信神喻“认识你自己” 和人知其无知为最高智慧的信条。 The Apology of Socrates (excerpts) --- by Plato (古希腊哲学家) Men of Athens, I honor and love you; but I shall obey God rather than you, and while I have life and strength（一息尚存）I shall never cease from the practice and teaching of philosophy, exhorting （urge strongly, 劝告）any one whom I meet and saying to him after my manner. You, my friend, --- a citizen of the great and mighty and wise city of Athens, are you not ashamed of heaping up the