现代伦理学中的“是与应当”问题引论.doc

现代伦理学中的“是与应当”问题引论 （上部） 哲学系99级 李俊 O, when degree is shaked, Which is the ladder to all high designs, Then enterprise is sick! How could communities, Degrees in schools and brotherhoods in cities, Peaceful commerce from dividable shores, The primogenitive and due of birth, Prerogative of age, crowns, sceptres, laurels, But by degree, stand in authentic place? Take but degree away, untune that string, And, hark, what discord follows! each thing meets In mere oppugnancy: the bounded waters Should lift their bosoms higher than the shores And make a sop of all this solid globe: Strength should be lord of imbecility, And the rude son should strike his father dead: Force should be right; or rather, right and wrong, (Between whose endless jar justice resides) Should lose their names, and so should justice too. Then every thing includes itself in power, Power into will, will into appetite; And appetite, an universal wolf, (So doubly seconded with will and power) Must make perforce an universal prey, And last eat up himself. Great Agamemnon, This chaos, when degree is suffocate, Follows the choking, And this neglection of degree it is That by a pace goes backward, with a purpose It hath to climb. 棗William Shakespeare:The History of Troiylus and Cressida Gibt es kein Bereich au?erhalb den Tatsachen? ——Ludwig Wittgenstein 目录 摘要…………………………………………………………………3 引言…………………………………………………………………4 一、预备讨论 1．对Hume文本的标准解释及其问题………………………………5 2. Hume的三种画像…………………………………………………8 3．小结…………………………………………………………………11 二、“应当”的理论失范：元伦理学纷争中的“是”与“应当” 1．Moore的直觉主义………………………………………………12 2．情感主义：Ayer与Stevenson…………………………………15 3. Hare的规约主义…………………………………………………20 4. 小结与中间讨论I ………………………………………………26 三、事实的浮现与“应当”的失落:思想史的考察 1. Machiavelli的“邪恶”（附论Bacon）…………………………28 2．世界之外的自我：Descartes与Wittgenstein……………………33 3. 自然法的重建：Grotius与Hobbes………………………………38 4．理性设定自然秩序：Spinoza………………………………………46 5．小结与中间讨论II…………………………………………………52 四、Hume思想中的“是”与“应当”问题 1.大论战：对IO的各种阐释述略…………………………………55 2.Hume论“是”与“应当”再释