第4章 企业文化与外部环境.ppt

Organizational Culture and Environment:The Constraints The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic? Omnipotent View of Management Managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. The quality of the organization is determined by the quality of its managers. Managers are held accountable for an organization’s performance yet it is difficult to attribute good or poor performance directly to their influence on the organization. The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic? Symbolic View of Management Much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside of managers’ control. The ability of managers to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by external factors. The economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors, industry conditions, technology, and the actions of previous managers Managers symbolize control and influence through their action. Exhibit 3–1 Parameters of Managerial Discretion 企业外部环境 Introduction and Review Organizations are open systems Organizations affect and are affected by the external environment The external environment has two components Macro-Environment Competitive Environment 美国人、法国人、犹太人 The Macroenvironment The most general elements in the external environment that potentially can influence strategic decisions Top executives must consider external factors before taking any action How the Environment Affects Managers Environmental Uncertainty The extent to which managers have knowledge of and are able to predict change their organization’s external environment is affected by: Complexity of the environment: the number of components in an organization’s external environment. Degree of change in environmental components: how dynamic or stable the external environment is. Exhibit 3–11 Environmental Uncertainty Matrix Defining the External Environment External Environment Those factors and forces outside the organization that affect the organization’s performance. Components of the External E