曼昆《经济学原理》12 design_tax--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享).ppt

12 The Design of the Tax System “In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.”  . . . Benjamin Franklin “In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.”  . . . Benjamin Franklin Figure 1 Government Revenue as a Percentage of GDP Table 1 Central Government Tax Revenue as a Percent of GDP The Federal Government The U.S. federal government collects about two-thirds of the taxes in our economy. The Federal Government The largest source of revenue for the federal government is the individual income tax. The Federal Government Individual Income Taxes The marginal tax rate is the tax rate applied to each additional dollar of income. Higher-income families pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes. The Federal Government The Federal Government and Taxes Payroll Taxes: tax on the wages that a firm pays its workers. Social Insurance Taxes: taxes on wages that is earmarked to pay for Social Security and Medicare. Excise Taxes: taxes on specific goods like gasoline, cigarettes, and alcoholic beverages. Table 2 Receipts of the Federal Government: 2001 Receipts of the Federal Government... The Federal Government Federal Government Spending Government spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services. Transfer payments are government payments not made in exchange for a good or a service. Transfer payments are the largest of the government’s expenditures. The Federal Government Federal Government Spending Expense Category: Social Security National Defense Income Security Net Interest Medicare Health Other The Federal Government Budget Surplus A budget surplus is an excess of government receipts over government spending. Budget Deficit A budget deficit is an excess of government spending over government receipts. Table 4 Spending of the Federal Government: 2001 Federal Government Spending: 2001 The Federal Government Financial Conditions of the Federal Budget A budget deficit occurs when there is an excess o