10-思维和语言.pdf

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 10 Thinking and Language Thinking  Cognition mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating  Cognitive Psychologists study these mental activities concept formation problem solving decision making judgment formation Thinking  Concept mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people  Prototype mental image or best example of a category matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) Thinking Algorithm methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem contrasts with the usually speedier–but also more error-prone--use of heuristics Thinking Heuristic simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently usually speedier than algorithms more error-prone than algorithms Thinking Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithm all 907,208 combinations  Heuristic throw out all YY combinations other heuristics? Thinking  Insight  sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem  contrasts with strategy-based solutions  Confirmation Bias  tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions  Fixation  inability to see a problem from a new perspective  impediment to problem solving The Matchstick Problem  How would you