毕业设计-基于单片机控制的步进电动机设计.doc

摘 要 单片计算机即单片微型计算机。由RAM ,ROM,CPU构成，定时，计数和多种接口于一体的微控制器。它体积小，成本低，功能强，广泛应用于智能产业和工业自动化上。 本文主要研究基于AT89C51 单片机的步进电机的驱动器控制,驱动系统采用74LS47和达林顿管，使步进电机可在智能化程序控制下完成正转、反转、转数设定等各种操作。文中在单片机与驱动器之间增加一级光电隔离可使步进电机具有更高的性能,同时把数字电路与驱动电路隔离开,避免了步进电机运行时所产生的冲击电压和电流干扰单片机。要想达到步进电动机的快速启停、高精度步进运行从而实现工业生产的控制，则采用单片机控制系统可将问题大大的简化。不仅能简化线路，降低成本，而且能大大的提高其可靠性。 整个系统采用模块化设计，结构简单，可靠，通过人机交互换接口可实现各功能设置，操作简单，易于掌握。该系统可应用于步进电机在机电一体化控制等大多数场合。 实践证明，基于单片机控制的步进电机比传统的步进控制器具有更好的性 能，更加简单、方便、可靠。本设计的主要研究对象就是开环伺服系统中最常用的执行器件——步进电机。 在这科技越来越发达的时代，人们对步进电动机控制技术的要求也越来越高。运用单片机对其高精度和智能化控制一直备受关注，对其高新技术的开发持续不断，单片机系统控制的研究具有很大的开发潜能，本控制系统的设计，由硬件设计和软件设计两部分组成。其中，硬件设计主要包括单片机最小系统、键盘控制模块、步进电机驱动模块、数码显示模块等功能模块的设计，以及硬件电路在电路板上的实现。软件设计包括主程序以及各个模块的控制程序，最终实现对步进电机转动方向及转动速度的控制，并且将步进电机的转动速度动态显示在LED数码管上。本系统具有智能性、实用性及可靠性的特点。 关键词：AT89C51 步进电机 目 录 摘要 绪论··········································1 系统方案论证··························3 系统基本功能································3 设计方案介绍································3 系统设计····································3 硬件设计······························4 2.1 单片机系统···································4 2.1.1 AT89C51功能概述···································4 2.2 步进电机······································12 2.2.1 步进电机的分类······································12 2.2.2 步进电机概述········································13 2.2.3 电机的工作原理······································15 2.3 数码管显示电路································19 2.4 键盘控制电路··································21 2.5 光电耦合器与驱动系统··························22 2.6 显示块········································24 2.7 单片机与步进电机的接口电路图··················26 控制系统的软件························28 3.1程序设计思路··································28 3.1.1程序流程图··········································28 仿真与调试····························34 设计小结······························35 附录··········································36 参考文献······································41 感谢··········································42 绪 论 步进电动机又称脉冲电动机或阶跃电动机，国外一般称为Steppingmotor、 P