小车机器人论文.doc

摘 要 双轮自平衡车是一个高度不稳定两轮机器人，是一种多变量、非线性、绝对不稳定的系统，需要在完成平衡控制的同时实现直立行走等任务因其既有理论意义又有实用价值，双轮自平衡小车的研究在最近十年引起了大量机器人技术实验室的广泛关注。本文主要介绍了双轮平衡车的控制系统硬件设计方案。此方案采用ATmega328 作为核心控制器，在此基础上增加了各种接口电路板组成整个硬件系统，包括单片机最小系统，姿态检测模块，直流驱动电机控制模块，电源管理模块，测速编码模块，串口调试等模块。对于姿态检测系统而言，单独使用陀螺仪或者加速度计，都不能提供有效而可靠的信息来保证车体的平衡。所以采用一种简易互补滤波方法来融合陀螺仪和加速度计的输出信号，补偿陀螺仪的漂移误差和加速度计的动态误差，得到一个更优的倾角近似值。本文先阐述了系统方案原理，再分别就各模块工作原理进行详细的介绍与分析，最终完成车模的制作和电路原理图以及 1PCB 板的绘制。最后根据调试情况对整个系统做了修改，基本达到设计要求。 关键词 双轮自平衡车 模块设计 传感器 Abstract Two-wheeled self-balanced car is a highly unstable robots, it is a system with Multivariable, nonlinear and absolute instability, it needs to complete the balance control tasks such as walking upright because of both theoretical significance and practical value. Two-wheeled self-balanced car in the last decade has aroused widespread concern in the robotics laboratory.This paper describes the control system hardware design of the wheel balanced car. This program uses ATmega328 as the core controller,base on this increase of various interface circuit board to building the hardware system. Peripheral circuits including the smallest single-chip system, the gesture detection module, the DC drive motor control module, power management module, velocity encoding module and serial debugging module. For the posture monitoring system，the information solely depends on the gyroscope or the accelerometer couldn’t make sure the balance of vehide．So the signals from the gyroscope and accelerometer were integrated by a simple method of complementary filtering for an optimal angle to compensate the gyroscope drift error and the accelerometer dynamic error.This article first describes the principle of the system program，then described in detail each module how to working out, the final completion of car models produced and circuit schematics and the PCB drawing.In the end, according to debug the situation on the whole system changes, the