孔子直论研究.pdf

摘 要 “直”是构成孔子思想的重要范畴之一，对“直”作全面系统的考察分析， 可以对孔子的思想有一个更加全面而清晰的认识。本文的主旨在于一是较为深入 地把握孔子之“直”的思想内核和精神所指，二是通过客观地评价“直”的价值， 为当今社会提供所需的精神食粮。 全文共分为 4 章。第 1 章“直”的涵义，把《论语》中出现的所有“直”(共 二十二次、十六处) ，进行了区分、界定和归类梳理，最后把其纳入四个基本义 项：本义不曲和引申义正义、正直、直率。第 2 章“直”的功能，把其功能分三 个领域进行讨论。在人格领域，突出了坦诚正直的人格品质和真实自然的处世风 格；在伦理领域，凸显了父子之义这一道德底线和伦理原则，以及在报怨问题上 的实用理性。在政治领域，一方面肯定了公正无私、直道而行的原则立场，另一 方面则强调了权变的灵活性。第 3 章“直”的价值分析，通过与老子之“朴”、 孔子之“仁”以及荀子之“伪”的比较，在肯定其为生命提供清新之源头活水的 同时，突出了“直”的不足和对文明理性的偏离，例如“直”的尖刻刺人、对礼 节的忽视、与道德法律的抵牾、对权变的漠视等，因而需要荀子之“伪”对其进 行补充与平衡。第 4 章“直”的现代意义，主要结合“直”的四个义项和当今社 会的状况对“直”的现代意义进行了阐发，最后落脚归结为自然与理性的整合。 这一结论既是对孔子“直”论总的概括和把握，也是孔子“直”论对于我们今天 社会的启示和意义。这正是本文的观点和主旨之所在。 关键词：孔子；“直”；文明与理性。 4 Abstract Since “straightness” is one of the important categories in Confucius’ thoughts, a systematic study of “straightness” in his works may help to arrive at a comprehensive and clear understanding of Confucius’ thoughts. Therefore, the keynote of this paper lies in grasping the kernel of “straightness” in Confucius’ thoughts and giving objective evaluation of “straightness” in order to provide necessary mental pabulum for today’s society. The body of this paper falls into four parts. The first part is concerned with the meanings of the word “straightness” which appears for 22 times in 16 different passages in “The Analects”. By sorting out all the meanings of “straightness”, four meanings are clarified, including its denotation, straightness ，and its connotation, that is righteousness, uprightness, and frankness. The second part is about the function of “straightness” which is discussed from three perspectives. From the viewpoint of personality, it underlines the characters of honesty and uprightness and a true and natura