改革开放前后中国城市居民单位地位获得的变迁.pdf

内容摘要 地位获得是社会分层研究的主要领域之一。其核心问题是机会分布平等问 题。如果一个人在获得其社会地位的时候完全靠个人的努力，不靠家庭背景， 那么说明这个社会的机会分布式极为平等的。反之，如果一个人的社会地位不 是靠个人努力，只靠家庭背景，则这个社会的机会分布是极为不平等的。因此， 以个人单位地位获得为核心对现阶段中国社会不平等程度的变化情况做出判断 是本文的根本任务和目的。 现阶段，单位对于人们地位获得意义仍然重大。研究发现，个人初职单位 地位的获得主要受父亲所在单位所有制类型的影响，而个人现职单位地位则主 要受到个人初职单位所有制类型的影响。也就是说，个人单位地位的获得主要 表现为父代单位地位的继承和代内单位地位的传承。可见，现阶段，在个人单 位地位获得过程中，再生产机制和市场机制产生着作用。随着改革开放的深入， 先赋性因素对个人初职单位地位获得的影响效应逐渐削弱，而个人的因素对个 人初职单位地位获得的影响效应则逐渐增强。 总之，随着改革开放的深入，我国的社会开放始终是有界限的、一定程度 的开放。也就是说，所有制始终作为一道界限，将社会结构分为体制内和体制 外，而社会开放和社会平等也始终只能在各自体制内实现。 关键词：单位地位获得；再生产机制；市场机制     1 Abstract Status attainment is one of the major research fields in the social stratification research. Its core problem is whether the chance of status attainment is equal to everyone in one society. If a man attains his status mainly by himself, then, this this society is equality. Conversely, if a person gains his social status, not by individual effort, but only by his family background, so the society is extremely inequality. Therefore, attaining one’s status of work unit as the core to judge our society is equality or inequality after the reform and opening-up, this is also the fundamental mission and objective of this paper. At present, the work unit still has significant effects on status attainment. Statistical findings suggest that the type of ownership of the father work-unit plays an important role in personal beginning work-unit status attainment. And, personal current work-unit status is mainly affected by the ownership type of his current work-unit. That is, individual work-unit status attainment is mainly affected by the inheritance of father’s work-unit