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Dialect Variations in Chinese , 129-153 Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section 2002-4-001-002-000034-2 * Gan, Hakka and the Formation of Chinese Dialects Laurent Sagart Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales The author argues that Hakka and southern Gan are sister dialects, as they share several innovations not found elsewhere; that they arose out of the Chinese dialect spoken in central Jiangxi in Song times, a stratified dialect which included a non-Chinese substratum, probably Miao-Yao; an archaic layer; and a more recent layer with an important Late Middle Chinese component. It is claimed that the linguistic boundary between southern Gan and Hakka arose secondarily due to the effect of an old administrative and geographical boundary. It is also argued that Hakka devoicing took place in the south, when Hakka was in contact with the Miao- Yao language She, and that the old dialect of the city of Ganzhou may have played an important role in the formation of Hakka. The relationship of Gan and Hakka is one of the most hotly disputed questions in Chinese dialectology. Two important issues are: (a) do Hakka and Gan subgroup together, or does Hakka subgroup with Yue and Min? and (b) did Hakka and/or Gan arise in the south, or are they northern dialects transplanted into the south? The idea that Hakka is a northern dialect transplanted into the south has its roots in Lo Hsiang-lin’s 1933 book Kejia Yanjiu Daolun . Lo’s intention was to disprove the notion, then prevalen