消费税，生产型和消费型增值税外文翻译.doc

外文翻译 原文 consumption tax, and wages type and consumption type of value-added tax Material Source:National Tax Journal Author: Carl S.Shoup Ⅰ The value-added tax, consumption type (CVAT) has the same aggregate base as a retail sales tax on consumer goods and services (CT, for consumption tax) and so should seem to exert the same economic effects, including the effect on allocation of resources between production of capital goods and production of consumer goods. This latter conclusion has been declared erroneous by Professor William H. Oakland (The Theory of the Value-Added Tax: I—A Comparison of Tax Bases, National Tax Journal, June, 1967), whose general equilibrium model yields an inference of different allocations under the two taxes. Oaklands finding is, however, not substantiated by his analysis, for it is based on an incorrect method of arriving at a CT rate that will leave the same real disposable income as will a given CVAT rate. A supporting argument, that the CVAT is more nearly like a wages tax than is the CT, is in error, because of a failure to specify the base of the CVAT as an identity that includes terms for wages and profits. We take up first the method of arriving at the rate of the CT. Ⅱ Oaklands mathematical argument is said to be one of proof by contradiction. He assumes that the two taxes, CVAT and CT, are imposed at rates that make them fully equivalent in the sense of leaving the economy with the same real disposable income, and appears to find that the rate of the consumption tax implied by this equating of real disposable incomes is not high enough to yield the government the same real tax revenue that it obtains under that rate of the CVAT that makes real disposable incomes equal. Thus, if the two tax rates are set so that, the taxes are equivalent in the one sense (same real disposable income under the two taxes) they are, it seems, not equivalent in the other sense (same real revenue); the CT rate must be set at a higher lev