有效的企业所得税率和企业规模分布外文翻译.doc

外文翻译 原文 Effective Corporate Tax Rates and the Size Distribution of Firms Material Source:/paper/snvdp2009/200923.htm Author:Alms Heshmati Dan Johansson and Carl Magnus Bjuggren 2. Effective Corporate Tax Rates The statutory corporate tax in Sweden varied between 54 percent (in 1973) and 62 percent (in 1982) during 1973 to 1989. In 1990 it decreased to 48 percent and it was further lowered to 30 percent in 1991 as a result of the 1990/91-tax reform. In 1994 the tax rate was lowered again to 28 percent, which was in parity with statutory corporate tax levels in the rest of the European Union. The effective corporate tax rate – defined as the corporate tax paid in relation to the earnings before balance sheet allocations – has previously been calculated for the period 1951 to 1992 for firms listed on the Stockholm stock exchange. The results show that the effective corporate tax rate: i) was significantly lower than the statutory corporate tax, particularly before the 1990/91-tax reform, due to generous rules for depreciation, the investment funds system, possibilities to defer corporate taxes by writing down inventories with 50 percent, and possibilities of making allocations to a “profit equalization fund”; ii) the level varied largely over time; iii) the system favored large firms to small firms, and iv) it favored manufacturing to services. (Henrekson 1996). The Swedish corporate tax system is characterized by double taxation implying that profits paid as dividends or capital gains are first due to statutory corporate tax and second to tax on dividends or capital gains by the individual shareholder. In 1984 to 1990 it was characterized by triple taxation, due to the wage-earners fund system.Until the 1990/91 tax reform, dividends and capital gains to individuals were taxed as labour　income. Since marginal taxes were high even at low income levels and the tax system was highly progressive, it was common that ordinary s