考博写作2.doc

第三部分 写作 三、段落 段落是文章的重要组成部分，就像裁缝制衣，有了合适的布料（文章素材），还需精心剪裁，裁出合适的前后片、领子袖笼（不同的段落），最后才能缝制出漂亮合体的衣服（文章）。 根据目前研究生考试的情况看，考生若能把握住试卷中所提供的每一段落的主题句或中心句（Topic Sentence）,将其扩展成主题鲜明、思想表达充分、无重大语法错误的段落，那么，他/她的文章就可以算是大功告成了。因此，段落的写作技巧与方法是基础训练部分中最为关键的一步，本章将着重介绍这方面的知识，希望学习写作者能从以下的介绍、范文及练习中有所获益。 展开段落的常用方法 段落的基本构成 段落一般有三个基本组成部分：主题句（Topic Sentence）、扩展句（Developing Sentence）和结论句（Concluding Sentence）。主题句在段落中起引导或序论（Introduction）的作用，是表明全段要描述什么或论述什么的中心词；扩展句是用来说明、解释或论证主题句所表述的主题或中心思想的，起到了引申和扩充的作用；而结论句则是在经过说明、解释或论证的基础上得出的结论，起到了总结全段主题或中心思想的作用。 主题句 主题句位于句首。在考试中，主题句通常位于段首，它的优点在于开门见山、直接点明主题，有助于应试者把握段落的中心思想，紧紧扣住主线自然展开，不至于误入歧途。例如：The most striking difference between home life and dormitory life is that students must begin to take responsibility for their own actions. Students must depend on themselves to get up in the morning in time for class; they must depend on themselves to eat properly, to keep their clothes and bodies clean, and to set aside appropriate amounts of time for study and relaxation. Students must also begin to take care of how to spend their money, making sure to preserve enough for things that are essential rather than for fun. All of these responsibilities do a great deal toward preparing students for adult life. Some people think that there is relationship between automobile accidents and suicide. Many accidents happen because the driver has been drinking. Many others occur because of speed of other reckless driving behavior. Drivers could avoid all of these factors if they wanted to. Therefore, many people suggest that such “accidents” are really self-destructive behavior on the part of the driver. Responsible for a car of my own has shown me that car owner-ship shouldn’t be taken lightly. Before I owned a car, I would use my friend’s cars frequently and thought that all there was to having a car, putting gas in it and driving away. Now, however, I know about car notes and insurance premiums, which you have to pay if you want to keep driving. I am more concerned about checking things li