Chapter TwoPhonology课件.ppt

几个词素？ Antiabortionists 葡萄酒 指出下列词中的词根和词干。 Friends, friendships Phonetics What is phonetics? It is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possesses, how they can classified, etc. Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view. The three points of view of phonetic study: The speaker’s point of view The hearer’s point of view The sound waves The three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics (The production of speech sounds) (发声语音学) Auditory phonetics (The perception of speech sounds) （听觉语音学） Acoustic phonetics (The physical properties of speech sounds) （声学语音学） Speech organs Three important areas: The pharyngeal cavity (throat) （咽腔） The oral cavity (mouth) （口腔） The nasal cavity (nose) （鼻腔） Orthographic representation of speech sounds__ broad and narrow transcriptions (语音的正字标音法——宽式标音法和严式标音法) Towards the end of the nineteenth century, by which time articulatory phonetics was beginning to make real great progress in the western world, so they feel the need for a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers’ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897. One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888. Broad and narrow transcriptions （宽式标音法，严式标音法） [l] Leaf [li:f]; feel [fi:l]; build