RUGAM 对零售业与研究.pdfVIP

European Management Journal Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 24–37, 2003 Pergamon ? 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain doi:10.1016/S0263-2373 02 00150-0 0263-2373/03 $30.00 + 0.00 Retail Multinationals and Globalization: The Evidence is Regional ALAN RUGMAN, Indiana University and Templeton College, Oxford ′ STEPHANE GIROD, Templeton College, Oxford This paper reports an empirical study of the world’s its total stores outside of the United States, most of 49 largest retail multinational enterprises MNEs . them are in Mexico and Canada. They are partners Of these only one MNE is found to be a ‘global’ of the United States in NAFTA, a regional free trade MNE, while ?ve are ‘bi-regional’, i.e. with at least agreement. In terms of revenue, only 16.3 per cent of 20 per cent of sales in two parts of the ‘triad’ of Wal Mart’s revenue is international, and, again, most the European Union, North America NAFTA and of this is in the North American region. Asia. The remaining MNEs are either purely dom- estic or have sales in only their home-triad market. Yet even otherwise well-informed analysts have dis- Thus, we conclude that the retail MNEs neither cussed the nature of Wal Mart’s globalization and its operate globally nor do they need global strategies. use of global strategy. In a representative book, Gov- Instead, they are mainly regional MNEs and their indarajan and Gupta 2002 , devote all of c