概称句本质与概念的论文.docVIP

概称句本质与概念的论文 概称句本质与概念的论文 【 内容 提要】概称句一方面具有某种全称性，另一方面又容忍反例，这是概称句最重要的特点，也是概称句 研究 的主要困难所在。这一特点使概称句呈现内涵性。在概称句内涵语义的基础上，借助于形式化 方法 ，本文通过构造可能世界到内涵域幂集的映射，发现概称句是表达概念内涵的句子，揭示了概称句的本质，使得关于概称句的一些现象得到合理的解释。但是这个发现的成立，依赖于概念是可能世界到内涵的映射、概念的内涵是概念承载词涵义的全体概称后承等观点的成立，而这些观点与现行概念 理论 并不相符。为此，本文对概念进行了从最底层性质开始的 分析 和考察，提出了关于概念的七条基本性质，在具体说明概念和语言、概念和认识关系的基础上，对上述观点进行了论证。这部分内容构成了新的概念理论。 【 英文 摘要】generic sentences appear to have universal quantifications. the y, nevertheless, tolerate exceptions.this is the main feature of generics and also the most puzzling problem to be solved in the researches about them.this feature indicates that generics express something involving intensionality.based on intensional semantics, this paper uses a formal method to reveal that generic sentences express the intensions of concepts, and shows that what generics are about.thus, some puzzling phenomena around generics are explained with satisfaction.this discovery relies on several assumptions:concepts are functions mapping from a set of possible worlds to the power set of a set of intensionsthe intension of a concept is the set of all generic consequences derived from the sense of the term that expresses the conceptetc. however ,these assumptions are not in accord with the traditional views.to make the results presented here more conclusive, the fundamental properties from the bottom line of the concepts are discussed and analyzed.they are summarized to be seven basic properties of concepts.the positions proposed in this paper are argued for and enforced by exploring the relation between concept and language, as well as the relation between concept and knowledge.these arguments consist of a new theory of concept. 【关键词】概称句/概念/内涵/涵义 generic sentence/concept/intension/sense 概称句（注：“概称句”是作者对generic sentence的翻译。这里是首次正式在国内 文献 中使用这一译名。）(generic sentence)是我们日常思维中最为常用的一种句子。关于概称句的研究始于上世纪70年代， 目前 已提出了多种理论和形式处理，但因尚未形成统一和公认的理论，仍处于初期阶段。概称句研究在非单调推理、人工智能以及语言学研究等多方面都有重要意义。本文的研究属于概称句的条件句逻辑和模态逻辑研究方向。在这个研究中我们发现，概称句涉及到概念和概念的内涵，