土地资源专业英语.ppt

Resource Economics and Environmental Economics 资源经济与环境经济 contents Three themes: Efficiency, Optimality and Sustainability Fundamental Issues in the Economic Approach to Resource and Environmental Issues Property Rights and Externalities Property Rights, Externalities, and Environmental Problems: Improper Rights and Imperfect Market Property Rights, Externalities, and Environmental Problems: Government Role and the Pursuit of Efficiency Introduction to Land Economics: Scope and Content Concepts of Land Economics Land Resources Supply and Demand The Valuation and Use of Land Farmland Preservation Three Themes: Efficiency Optimality  Sustainability Resources are used in technically efficient ways For example, suppose that electricity can be, in technically efficient ways, generated by the burning of either some heavily polluting fossil fuel. Because of a lower price for the former fuel , it is chosen by profit-maximizing electricity producers.(比如，假定能采用技术有效的方法来发电，如通过燃烧某种重污染的化石燃料。化石燃料由于价格低廉而为以追求利润最大化的发电厂所青睐。) If this happens there is an inefficiency that results from resource allocation choices even where there are no technical inefficiencies.(如果污染造成了损失， 那么即使采用了高效的技术，资源配置也会存在无效现象。) Such allocative inefficiencies will be pervasive in the use of natural and environmental resources in pure market economies. A substantial part of environmental economics is concerned with how economies might avoid inefficiencies in the allocation and use of natural and environmental resources.(在纯粹市场经济情况下，这种低效配置也会普遍存在于自然和环境资源的利用中。环境经济学的一个基本内容就是研究如何避免自然和环境资源配置和利用中效率低下的问题。) Then a resource-use choice is socially optimal if it maximizes that objective given any relevant constraints that may be operating.(如果在相关约束既定不变的情况下能够实现目标的最大化，那么资源利用的选择将达到社会最优。) That is, efficiency is a necessary condition for optimality. However , efficiency is not a sufficient condition fo