生物专业英语 教学课件 作者 姜巨全 主编 chapter 1 Introduction to Professional English for Biology.ppt

尚辅网 尚辅网 Besides classifications based on the category of organism being studied, biology contains many other specialized sub-disciplines, which may focus on just one category of organism or address organisms from different categories. This includes biochemistry, the interface between biology and chemistry; molecular biology, which looks at life on the molecular level; cellular biology, which studies different types of cells and how they work; physiology, which looks at organisms at the level of tissues and organs; ecology, which studies the interactions between organisms themselves; ethology, which studies the behavior of animals, especially complex animals; and genetics, overlapping with molecular biology, which studies the code of life, DNA. The foundations of modern biology include four components: cell theory; that life is made of fundamental units called cells; evolution, that life is not deliberately designed by rather evolves incrementally through random mutations and natural selection; gene theory, that tiny molecular sequences of DNA dictate the entire structure of an organism and are passed from parents to offspring; and homeostasis, that each organism’s body includes a complex suite of processes designed to preserve its biochemistry from the entropic effects of the external environment. Professional Words and Phrases (Continued) cell theory n. 细胞理论 evolution [i:v?lu:??n] n. 进化 random mutation 随即突变 natural selection 自然选择 gene theory 基因理论 molecular sequence 分子序列 parent [p??r?nt] n. 亲本，母本 offspring [?:fspri?] n. 后代，子孙 homeostasis [h?umi?steisis] n. 自动平衡，体内平衡 entropic effect 熵效应 The basic picture in biology has stayed roughly the same since DNA was first imaged using x-ray crystallography in the 1950s, although there are constant refinements to the details, and life is so complex that it could be centuries or even millennia before we begin to understand it in its entirety. But it should be made clear that we are moving towards complete understanding: life,