有机化学.第一章绪论2013.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * § 4. Classification and Representation of Organic Compounds 3. Chemical Constitution Formula of Organic Compounds Bond-line formula（键线式）: also known as carbon-skeleton formula, line-segment formula. a representation of a molecule in which bonds are represented by lines, carbon atoms are represented by line ends and intersections, and atoms other than hydrogen and carbon are represented by their elemental symbols, as is hydrogen when it is bonded to an atom other than hydrogen or carbon. 键线式 * § 4. Classification and Representation of Organic Compounds 4. Stereo Structure Representation of Organic Compounds 有机化合物立体结构的表示方法 * § 5. Acid and Base 1. Arrhenius theory of dissociation （电离理论） Arrhenius (1859–1927) , Swedish physical chemist, received the Nobel prize for Chemistry in 1903 for the theory of dissociation（电离理论）. In aqueous solutions acids: dissociate to give hydrogen ions bases: dissociate to give hydroxyl ions the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water Arrhenius (1859–1927) Swedish physical chemist * § 5. Acid and Base 2 Br?nsted-Lowry Theory质子理论 Johannes Nicolaus Br?nsted (1879-1947), born in Denmark, studied engineering before he switched to chemistry. He was a professor of chemistry at the University of Copenhagen. During World War II, he became known for his anti-Nazi position, and in 1947 he was elected to the Danish parliament. He died before he could take his seat. Thomas M. Lowry (1874-1936), born in England, the son of an army chaplain. He earned a Ph.D. at Central Technical College, London (now Imperial College). He was head of chemistry at Westminster Training College and, later, at Guy’s Hospital in London. In 1920, he became a professor of chemistry at Cambridge University. * § 5. Acid and Base 2. Br?nsted-Lowry Theory Acid: a species tha