东露天煤矿区采矿对土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响预测.doc

东露天煤矿区采矿对土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响预测 周伟 白中科* 袁春 付慧 （中国地质大学土地科学技术学院 北京 100083） 摘 要：黄土区大型露天矿区是一种剧烈的人工扰动区域，采矿活动对土地资源和生态环境破坏非常严重，正确预测人工开采引发的人为加速土壤侵蚀与土地利用变化，可为生态脆弱煤矿区的生态恢复和重建提供依据。文章采用RS、GIS为手段进行信息提取和图形叠加,结合统计分析、类比和趋势外推相结合的方法，对东露天矿区2005-2080年的5190.00 hm2的土地利用变化和水土流失进行了预测性研究。结果表明：75年间，在没有采取生态重建的措施下，农用地减少3666.07 hm2，未利用地减少1402.13 hm2，居民点用地减少121.80 hm2，全部变为独立工矿用地。土地利用结构和类型由多样性向单一类型的裸露的独立工矿用地发展，水土流失量由54.50万t/a变为为77.85万t/a。 关键词：土地利用 水土流失 变化分析 东露天矿 Forecast of Influence of Dong Open-cast Coal Mine Area on Soil Erosion and Land Use ZHOU Wei Bai Zhongke YUAN Chun FU Hui (Department of Land Science Technology, China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 ) Abstract: The large-scale open mining area of loess district is a kind of artificial violent perturbation area，it leads to destruct vast amounts of land and arouse serious eco-environment problem. Precise forecast of soil erosion and land-use change by artificial mining is propitious to provide basis references of ecological restoration and rehabilitation for the ecological fragile district. This study reported the soil erosion and land use change information which was abstracted from graphics overlapping based on RS and GIS, statistical analysis, historical analogy and inferring from trend for Dong Open-cast Coal Mine during 2005-2080. The results showed that there will be 3666.07hm2 of arable land, 1402.13hm2of uncultivated land and 121.80 hm2 residential land change to industrial and mining area unless reclamation, the diversity of land cover is decreased considerably. including intensive soil erosion, the rate of soil erosion will be lifted from the original 54.50Mt/a to 77.85 Mt/a. Key words: Land use; Soil erosion; Change analysis; Dong Open-cast Coal Mine 矿区生态环境的破坏可分为景观破坏和生态破坏。景观破坏是在矿山开发与生产过程中对地表的破坏；生态破坏是破坏矿区土地及其邻近地区内的生物生存条件，减少生物量，降低环境的总适宜性，这不仅对动植物而且对人也会产生不利影响。无论是景观破坏还是生态破坏，对作为生态和景观载体的土地资源的破坏是最直观、也是最大量的。土地资源被破坏、水生态平衡失调日益突出，导致矿山地区水土流失和荒漠化、生境破碎、生物多样性变化，成为制约区域资源开发和经济社会可持续发展的重要因素[1-3]。 露天煤矿区对土地资源的破坏主要表现在露天采场的直接挖损、外排土