Chapter 2vivian cook【荐】.ppt

Chapter 2 Learning Different Types of Grammar Grammar Language has patterns and regularities which are used to convey meaning, some of which make up its grammar. ▲ the order of words e.g. 我打他 ?? 他打我 ▲ changes in the forms of words e.g. The cow is mad. The cows were mad. Why Study Grammar(according to linguists) Knowledge of grammar is considered to be central area of the language system around which the other areas such as pronunciation and vocabulary revolve. The other components of languages are connected to each other through grammar. “computational system” （计算系统）relates sound and meaning. Grammar is the most distinctive aspect of language and has features that do not occur with other things we store in our minds and are not found in animal languages. The features of Grammar are learnt in different ways from anything else that people learn. Grammar is easier to study ▲ Highly systematic ▲ Its effects are usually fairly obviously in their speech Focus of 1970s and 1980s Focus of the Chapter Different types of grammar Four areas of grammatical research into L2 learning Focusing Questions Where do you think “rules of grammar” come from? What is a “grammatical rule”? How should grammar be taught? Contents What is grammar? Grammatical Morphemes The Multidimensional Model Language Universals; Relative Clauses Principles and Parameters Grammar L2 Learning of Grammar and L2 Teaching Discussion Topics What is grammar? Prescriptive grammar 规定(性)语法 Traditional grammar Structural grammar Grammar As Knowledge ▲Grammatical (linguistic) competence ▲Communicative competence ▲Pragmatic competence Prescriptive grammar Definition: grammar that “prescribes” what people should say. e.g. This can’t be put up with. He’s taller than me. The grammarian’s first task is to decide what people actually say; after this has been done, then others may decide whether it would be better to change what