descriptive and prescriptive lingustics【荐】.ppt

Descriptive Linguistics and Prescriptive Linguistics规定语言学和描述语言学 Definition History Prescriptive Grammar VS Descriptive Grammar Examples Webster’s Third New International Dictionary Prescriptive linguistics规定语言学 --- an account of how a language should be used instead of how it is actually used . It is the act of taking the official models of a language, and treating them as sacred [seikrid] perfect representations of the language, and enforcing them on people. For example, correcting someone who uses the word “ain’t” (am not/are not), even if it’s used in an appropriately casual way. Descriptive linguistics描述语言学--- the work of analyzing and describing how language is actually spoken now (or how it was actually spoken in the past), by any group of people. Prescriptive linguistics school规定语言学派 The history of linguistics can trace back to the ancient Greece in 5th century BC. At that time, prescriptive linguistics mainly depended on the early Latin or Greek grammar. It treated the linguistic as a law to rule people how to use language. Until the 18th century, the prescriptive linguistics was still the main stream. Descriptive linguistics school描述语言学派 One person: Boas(鲍阿斯) One book: Handbook of American Indian language 《美洲印第安语手册》 The foreword to the book : The symbol of the start of the descriptive linguistics school One organization: Linguistic Society of America 美国语言学学会 Two people: Boas（鲍阿斯 （1858-1942） Sapir(萨丕尔) （1884-1939） One book: Language(语言论) One person: Bloomfield [‘blu:mfi:ld] 布龙菲尔德 Influence: The symbol of the formal birth of the descriptive linguistics school Descriptive linguistics school became mature Prescriptive grammar Descriptive grammar Prescriptive grammarians prefer giving practical advice about using language: straightforward rules to help us avoid making errors. A prescriptive grammarian believes that certain forms used are correct and that others, even though they may be used b