第三章 心理学基础知识Understanding Psychology教案.ppt

第三章 心理学基础知识Understanding Psychology Medical Psychology Understanding Psychology 心理的神经生理机制 认知过程 (The Cognition Process) 动机与情绪 (Motivation Emotion) 人格 (Personality) 心理的神经生理基础 心理是脑的功能 大脑皮层(Cerebral cortex)的分区及功能Brodmann,1909 感觉区 (Sensory area) 运动区 (Motor area) 言语区 (Speech area) 联合区 (Association area) 大脑两半球的一侧优势(Cerebral Lateralization) 速视法 双耳分听试验 一侧脑麻痹法 对割裂脑病人的临床观察和有控制的测验 根据上述不同方法的研究,一般认为:大多数右利手者大脑左侧半球的优势在语音、顺序、时间、节奏以及命题的逻辑分析等方面；右半球的优势在非语言的、整体的形状和空间的知觉方面；此外左、右两半球在情绪反应方面似乎也有差别。右半球的反应较强烈或较不乐观。  人的面部表情也是左右不对称的,有人做过试验:将演员表演喜、怒、哀、惧各种表情的照片，从脸的正中线切成两半，再把反着面洗印的两半照片拼接成一个左右两侧都是原来的左边脸或右边脸的脸部照片。将这两种拼接的照片混在一起，请被试者从中挑选出他们认为表情更丰富的照片。结果挑选出的用左边脸拼成的照片要多得多。这结果也同解剖的知识相吻合。左边脸，特别是其下部,接受来自右脑投射来的神经纤维。看来,右侧脑在脸部表情中起更多的作用。 The Cognition Process 感觉与知觉 (Sensation Perception) 学习 (Learning) 记忆 (Memory) 思维 (Thinking) Sensation 的概念与作用 感觉剥夺 Sensory Deprivation 感受性(Sensitivity)及其变化规律 感觉阈限(Sensory Threshold) 感觉适应(Sensory Adaptation) 感觉对比 感觉的相互作用 感觉代偿 Key Words Sensation The process in which the sense organs’ receptor cells are stimulated and reply initial information to higher brain centers for further processing Perception 的概念 Perception的一般特性 知觉的选择性Perceptual Selectiveness 知觉定势Perceptual Set 知觉的整体性Perceptual Organization 知觉的理解性Perceptual Interpretation 知觉的恒常性 (Perceptual Constancy) Key Words Perception The process by which an organism selects and interprets sensory input so that it acquires meaning. Absolute threshold The minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus is called an absolute threshold. Different threshold (JND) The lowest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred. Sensory adaptation The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change. Perceptual constancy The organization of changing sensations into percepts that are relatively stable in size, shape, and color. Learning的概念