Chap_劳动市场经济学(经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语).ppt

The Economics of Labor Markets劳动市场经济学 Chapter 18 The Markets for Factors of Production生产要素市场 Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services. 生产要素是指用于生产物品 与劳务的投入。 The Market for the Factors of Production The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand. A firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market. 生产要素市场 生产要素的需求是 派生需求。 企业的生产要素需求，是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策派生 出来的。 The Demand for Labor劳动需求 Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand. 与经济中的其它市场一样，劳动市场也是由供求力量支配的。 Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and Demand 图1. 供给与需求的多样化 The Demand For Labor劳动需求 Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production of other goods. 大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生产中。 The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor The production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good. 生产函数与劳动的边际产量 生产函数 说明用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。 Table 1 How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to Hire 表1. 竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量 Figure 2 The Production Function生产函数 The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor The marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor. MPL = ?Q/?L MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1) 生产函数与劳动的边际产量 劳动的边际产量——增加的一个单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。 MPL = ?Q/?L MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1) The Production Function and the Marginal Product of Labor Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor As the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor declines. As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to production than the prior one. The production function becomes flatter as the number of workers rises. This property is called diminishing marginal product. 生产函数与劳动的边际产量 边际产量递减 随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递减。 随着雇佣的工人越来越多，每个增加的工人对苹果产量的贡献越来越小。 生产函数随着工人数量增加而变得越来越