人类的文明史=材料的发展史.ppt

INTRODUCTION ? Advancement in technology is directly associated with the development of new materials ? History is often dated by the materials of most importance to the society, i.e., the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages ? The most important materials in the modern society are plastics, ceramics, and steel HISTORY Natural Macromolecules ? A living organism is a complex machine, most functions of which are performed by macromolecules. ? DNA, RNA, ribosomers, proteins, cellulose, starches, and a host of other biologically important substances are all macromolecules. ? From the very beginning of civilization, humans made technological use of natural macromolecules: leather, fur, wool, wood, cotton, flax, paper, natural rubber, etc. Man-made (Synthetic) Macromolecules 1839 Elastic property improvement of natural rubber by vulcanization 1870 Commercialization of celluloid (75% cellulose nitrate + 25% camphor) 1892 Preparation of rayon textile fibbers 1910 Phenol-formaldehyde resins - first fully-synthetic polymers 1920 Staudingers hypothesis of macromolecules Firm establishment of the concept of polymers Nobel Prizes for Polymer Science 1953 H. Staudinger Introduction of the concept of polymers (but not colloids) 1963 K. Ziegler and G. Natta Discovery of coordination polymerization catalysts and preparation of stereoregular polymers 1974 P. J. Flory Theoretical and experimental contributions to fundamental principles of polymer science 1991 G. de Gennes Successful mathematical treatment of phase transition phenomena of polymers, liquid crystals, and super-conducting materials 2000 A. J. Heeger, A. G. MacDiarmid, and H. Shirakawa Discovery and development of conductive polymers Polymers Are Everywhere 高分子材料的应用 Polymers Are Everywhere National Missile Defense 现代高分子材料学的三个基础性分支学科 高分子化学 高分子物理 （结构与性能关系研究） 高分子工程 （聚合反应工程和高分子成型） 绪　　论 一、高聚物的基本概论 　　●高聚物 　　高聚物（high polymer）是高分子化合物（macromolecular compound）的简称，是由 成千上万个原子通过化学键连接而成的高分子（macromolecule）所组成的化合物。 　　●高聚物的基本特点