外文翻译--来自太阳的能源.doc

英文资料 ENERGY FROM THE SUN The sun has produced energy for billions of years.? Solar energy is the solar radiation that reaches the earth. Solar energy can be converted directly or indirectly into other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity.? The major drawbacks (problems, or issues to overcome) of solar energy are: (1) the intermittent and variable manner in which it arrives at the earths surface and, (2) the large area required to collect it at a useful rate. Solar energy is used for heating water for domestic use, space heating of buildings, drying agricultural products, and generating electrical energy. In the 1830s, the British astronomer John Herschel used a solar collector box to cook food during an expedition to Africa. Now, people are trying to use the suns energy for lots of things. Electric utilities are trying photovoltaics, a process by which solar energy is converted directly to electricity.? Electricity can be produced directly from solar energy using photovoltaic devices or indirectly from steam generators using solar thermal collectors to heat a working fluid. Out of the 14 known solar electric generating units operating in the US at the end of 2004, 10 of these are in California, and 4 in Arizona. No statistics are being collected on solar plants that produce less than 1 megawatt of electricity, so there may be smaller solar plants in a number of other states. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity through a photovoltaic (PVs) cell, commonly called a solar cell.? A photovoltaic cell is a nonmechanical device usually made from silicon alloys. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy.? These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum.? When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed.? Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity.? When enou