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Effects of Practice in a Linear and Nonlinear Webbased Learning Environment
Effects of Practice in a Linear and Non-linear Web-based Learning Environment Presenter: Zong-Lin Tsai Advisor: Ming-Puu Chen Date: April 6, 2009 Martin, F. (2008). Effects of practice in a linear and non-linear web-based learning environment. Educational Technology Society, 11(4), 81-93. Introduction - Instructional elements Apart from the information which is the basic instructional element that is needed in any instructional program, other instructional elements such as objectives, examples, practice with feedback and review are provided in addition. Objective Objectives facilitate cognitive processing by focusing student attention, directing selective perception of specific lesson content, communicating expectations, and organizing new information into an existing structure. Introduction - Instructional elements Practice Practice provides an opportunity for learners to strengthen new knowledge by internalizing it so they can recall and use it. It helps to confirm correct understanding and repeated practice increases the likelihood of retention. Feedback Kulhavy Stock (1989) define feedback as information consisting of two components: verification and elaboration. Introduction - Instructional elements Examples Kruse Kevin (1999) include examples, non-examples, graphical representation and analogies as guidance strategies that can be used to further clarify new content that is presented. Review Klein et al. (2004) suggest that learners should be given time to reflect and review after new information has been presented to them. Introduction - Practice and Feedback This feedback strengthens the probability of correct responses and reduces the probability of subsequent incorrect responses. (Philips et al., 1988). Simple forms of feedback are effective when learners are able to answer items correctly. More elaborate forms such as providing and explaining the correct answer and explaining why a wrong answer is incorrect are helpful when learners answer incor
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