functions of language语言的功能.ppt

Jakobsons model of the functions of language distinguishes six elements, or factors of communication, that are necessary for communication to occur: (1) context, (2) addresser (sender), (3) addressee (receiver), (4) contact, (5) common code and (6) message. Each factor is the focal point of a relation, or function, that operates between the message and the factor. To each factor or element there is a corresponding: (1) referential (The Earth is round), (2) emotive (Yuck!), (3) conative (Come here), (4) phatic (Hello?), (5) metalingual (What do you mean by krill?), and (6) poetic (Smurf). Context Message Referential Addresser Message Emotive Addressee Message Conative Contact Message Phatic Code Message Metalingual Message Message Poetic : These six functions can be described as follows: the referential function is oriented toward the context (the dominant function in a message like Water boils at 100 degrees); the emotive function is oriented toward the addresser (as in the interjections Bah! and Oh!); the conative function is oriented toward the addressee (imperatives and apostrophes); the phatic function serves to establish, prolong or discontinue communication [or confirm whether the contact is still there] (as in Hello?); the metalingual function is used to establish mutual agreement on the code (for example, a definition); the poetic function (e.g., Smurf), puts the focus on the message for its own sake [(Jakobson, 1960, p. 356)]