自考英语语言学课件 Chapter 1 -- 2.pptVIP

Chapter 1 -- 2 Modern Linguistics 现代语言学 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. linguistics 1)Definition: scientific study of language Scientific study:data+theory Process: linguistic facts—generalizations—hypotheses ---theory 2). Scope of linguistics General linguisitcs: …language as a whole Phonetics: sounds in linguistic communication Phonology: sounds --- meaning Morphology: word formation Syntax: rules to form sentence Semantics: meaning of language Pragmatics: meaning --- context Sociolinguistics: social aspects, relation Psycholinguistics: language –psychology Applied linguistics: application of linguistic theories 3) Distinctions: Prescriptive 规定性: rules---should/ should not grammar Descriptive描述性: decribe, analyse modern linguistics—scientific and objective Synchronic共时: language at a point in time priority in modern linguistics Diachronic历时:changes/historical development ● speech: spoken language primary in modern linguistics writing: written language traditional grammar Reasons for priority of spoken form over written form: Time: speech precedes writing some languages--only spoken form Function: a wider range F.de Saussure:Swiss linguist Langue语言: abstract linguistic system. rules, abstract, stable----linguistic study Parole言语: realization of langue in actual use. application of rules, concrete, varies N. Chomsky: American linguist Competence语言能力: knowledge of the rules ---linguistic study Performance语言运用: realization of knowledge mistakes: social and psychological factors 2. Language Definition: A system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. system: rules arbitrary: no intrinsic connection vocal: sound is the primary medium human: human-specific communication: a means to communicate Design features甄别性特征 Arbitrariness任意性: no logical connection between meaning and sound Productivity创造性: new signals Duality二重性: two sets of structure lower level: sou