自考英语语言学课件 Chapter 7 -- 8.pptVIP

Chapter 7---8 现代语言学 Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics Definition: language change historical development and process 1) Purpose significance: Prehistoric development, connection,kinship patterns Reconstruct liinguistic history,non-linguistic factors 2) Nature of language change (p161) univeral, continuous, regular, systematic gradual, constant Linguistic evolution from one stage to another 3. historical development 1) Major periods: Old E(449-1100) Middle E(1100-1500) Modern E (1500--) 2) Linguisitc change Change in grammar Sound change: systematic, rule-governed Vowel change: Great Vowel Shift—Middle E Sound loss/addition/movement (ex.)--- apocope, epenthesis, metathesis Morphological change Affix loss: derivational affix, causative verb formation rule, gender/case markings Affix addition: -able, -ment, -ize Syntactic change Rule loss: agreement Rule addition: particle movement rule----postpose auxiliary verb: fronted---interrogative sentence Rule change: word order negative sentence: not at the end –auxiliary v. n.phrase: case marking---rigid word order Lexical change Lexical loss: Old E words: archaic / extinct—rice, wer Middle E words: beseem, wot, gyve Lexical addition: Borrowing: Fench---formal notion; others word formation: compounding, derivation, acronym, blending, abbreviation, clipping, back-formation, coinage Semantic change Broadening: more general / inclusive dog, bird, tail; aunt, holiday Narrowing: less general / inclusive hund,deer,mete; wife,girl,liquor,fowl,disease Shift: new meaning silly, fond, nice, immoral, lust (Rule-governed, systematic, regular, ongoing) Language Family Classification: Ancestral language—sister/cousin languages : genetically related Task: Genealogical family tree---protolanguage Method: comparative reconstruction phonological,morphologic,semantic resemblance core: meaning resemblance in cognates 5. Causes of language change Physiological, linguistic, sociological