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《《competition_and_innovation》.pdf
Chapter 26
_________________________
COMPETITION AND INNOVATION
*
Richard J. Gilbert
The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission have frequently raised
innovation concerns as reasons to challenge mergers. This chapter surveys the economic
theories of innovation incentives and considers how the theory may inform antitrust
analysis for merger investigations and other conduct that involve innovation.
Competition can promote innovation by reducing the value of failing to invest in research
and development. However, with non-exclusive intellectual property rights, competition
can reduce innovation incentives by lowering post-innovation profits. There is some
empirical support for these economic theories. The chapter concludes that economics
can inform antitrust analysis for mergers and other conduct that could affect innovation,
although it is important that antitrust analysis carefully consider the key factors that
drive innovation incentives.
1. Introduction
Although U.S. antitrust enforcement has largely focused on arrangements that
increase prices, market structure and conduct also may affect the supply of new products
and improvements to existing products, with enormous consequences for economic
welfare. Recently the effects of market structure on innovation have gained in
importance as a consideration in antitrust policy and in the thinking of the antitrust
agencies. The change is particularly notable in merger policy. The antitrust agencies now
commonly challenge mergers in part due to a concern that the mergers will delay or
prevent innovation.
This chapter reviews the economic literature relating incentives for innovation to
market structure and conduct. The emphasis in this chapter is on the relationship, if any,
between competition in today’s market and incentives to invest in research and
development (RD) for tomorrow’s products.
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