《Variability in energy and carbon dioxide balances of wood and concrete building materials》.pdf
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《Variability in energy and carbon dioxide balances of wood and concrete building materials》.pdf
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Building and Environment 41 (2006) 940–951
/locate/buildenv
Variability in energy and carbon dioxide balances of wood and
concrete building materials
Leif Gustavsson, Roger Sathre
¨
Ecotechnology, Mid Sweden University, SE-831 25 Ostersund, Sweden
Received 6 December 2004; received in revised form 4 January 2005; accepted 7 April 2005
Abstract
A variety of factors affect the energy and CO2 balances of building materials over their lifecycle. Previous studies have shown that
the use of wood for construction generally results in lower energy use and CO2 emission than does the use of concrete. To determine
the uncertainties of this generality, we studied the changes in energy and CO2 balances caused by variation of key parameters in the
manufacture and use of the materials comprising a wood- and a concrete-framed building. Parameters considered were clinker
production efficiency, blending of cement, crushing of aggregate, recycling of steel, lumber drying efficiency, material transportation
distance, carbon intensity of fossil fuel, recovery of logging, sawmill, construction and demolition residues for biofuel, and growth
and exploitation of surplus forest not needed for wood material production. We found the materials of the wood-framed building
had lower energy and CO2 balances than those of the concrete-framed building in all cases but one. Recovery of demolition and
wood processing residues for use in place of fossil fuels contributed mos
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