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《Dummett》.pdf
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I. Truth (1959)
_._
Flr.GE HELD THAT truth and falsity are the references of sentences. Sentences
cannot stand for propositions (what Frege calls thoughts), since the
reference of a complex expression depends only on the reference of its parts;
whereas if we substitute for a singular term occurring in a sentence another
aingular term with the same reference but a different sense, the sense of the
whole sentence, i.e. the thought which it expresses, changes. The only thing
which it appears must in these circumstances remain unchanged is the truth-
value of the sentence. The expressions is true and is false look like predi-
cates applying to propositions, and one might suppose that truth and falsity
were properties of propositions; but it now appears that the relation between
aproposition and its truth-value is not like that between a table and its shape,
but rather like that between the sense of a definite description and the actual
object for which it stands.
To the objection that there are non-truth-functional occurrences of sen-
tences as parts of complex sentences, e.g., clauses in indirect speech, Frege
replies that in such contexts we must take ordinary singular terms as stand-
ing, not for their customary reference, but for their sense, and hence we may
say that in such a context, and only then, a sentence stands for the proposi-
tion it usually expresses.
Ifsomeone asks, But what kind of entities are these truth-values supposed
to be?, we may reply that there is no more difficulty in seeing what the truth-
value of a sentence may be than there is in seeing what the direction
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