《A review of high energy density lithium–air battery technology》.pdf

J Appl Electrochem DOI 10.1007/s10800-013-0620-8 REVIEW PAPER A review of high energy density lithium–air battery technology Md. Arafat Rahman • Xiaojian Wang • Cuie Wen Received: 20 June 2013 / Accepted: 18 August 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Today’s lithium (Li)-ion batteries have been 1 Introduction widely adopted as the power of choice for small electronic devices through to large power systems such as hybrid Energy is the indispensable part of modern society. electric vehicles (HEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs). How- Recently, global warming, diminishing fossil-fuel supplies, ever, it falls short of meeting the demands of new markets and environmental pollution have driven the increasing in these areas of EVs or HEVs due to insufficient energy usage of renewable energy. However, the supply of density. Therefore, new battery systems such as Li–air renewable energy fluctuates with time and the season of the batteries with high theoretical specific energy are being year. The development of novel energy storage and con- intensively investigated, as this technology could poten- version system is required for effective utilization of tially make long-range EVs widely affordable. So far, Li– renewable energy sources in future smart grids and power air battery technology is still in its infancy and will require delivery systems. Numerous energy storage systems, such significant research efforts. This review provides a com- as mechanical, magnetic, chemical, and electrochemical, prehensive overview of the fundamentals of Li–air batter- are currently being investigated [1]. Among them, one of ies, with an emphasis on the recent progress of various the most attrac