08Chapter_8_pragmatics_语用学_胡壮麟.ppt

* Violation of the maxims (Relation) Be relevant. A: Prof. Wang is an old bag. B: Nice weather for the time of year. I don’t want to talk about Prof. Wang. 萍：爸爸，不过四凤同鲁贵在家里都很好,很忠诚的。 朴：恩，我很累了。 我预备到书房歇一下。你叫他们送一碗浓一点的普洱茶来。 * Violation of the maxims (Manner) 1. Avoid obscurity of expression A: Let’s get the kids something. B: Ok, but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E. Don’t give them chocolate. 2. Avoid ambiguity A: Name and title, please? B: John Smith, Associate Editor and professor. Cf: 买一赠一。 * 3. Be brief A: Did you get my assignment? B: I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of black squiggles. not satisfied. Violation of the maxims (Manner) * Exercises Tell what maxim is violated in the following utterances, and what’s their conversational implicatures. 1. Suppose Mary knows that Tom knows she is very well. But when Tom invites Mary to a party for the weekend, Mary answers: “Sorry, I don’t feel very well.” * Exercises 2. A: 你打算什么时候结婚？ B: 我结婚的时候结婚。 3. A:我的那盒巧克力呢？ B:刚才我饿了。 * Exercises 4. A: Can you answer the phone? B: I’m in the bath. 5. A: What songs did Miss X sing last night? B: She produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of “Home, Sweet Home.” * 8.3.4 Characteristics of implicature Calculability: hearers work out implicature based on literal meaning, CP and its maxims, context, etc. The girl said to the boy: “圣诞节到了！” The boy said: “又快放假了。” * Cancellability / defeasibility: If the linguistic or situational contexts changes, the implicature will also change. A: Do you want some coffee? B: Coffee would keep me awake. I do not like coffee. B: Coffee would keep me awake. I want to stay up. A: You’re the cream in my coffee. B: But I’m afraid I don’t quite like cream in my coffee. Characteristics of implicature * Non-detachability: implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form; implicatures do not vanish if the words of an utteranc