《1. The Modern System of the Arts 艺术的现代系统：在美学史上的一项研究.》.docx

The Modern System of the Arts: A Study in the History of Aesthetics 艺术的现代系统：在美学史上的一项研究 Dedicated to Professor Hans Tietze on his 70th birthday I The fundamental importance of the eighteenth century in the history of aesthetics and of art criticism is generally recognized. To be sure, there has been a great variety of theories and currents within the last two hundred years that cannot be easily brought under one common denominator. Yet all the changes and controversies of the more recent past presuppose certain fundamental notions which go back to that classical century of modern aesthetics. It is known that the very term Aesthetics was coined at that time, and, at least in the opinion of some historians, the subject matter itself, the philosophy of art, was invented in that comparatively recent period and can be applied to earlier phases of Western thought only with reservation. It is also generally agreed that such dominating concepts of modern aesthetics as taste and sentiment, genius, originality and creative imagination did not assume their definite modern meaning before the eighteenth century. Some scholars have rightly noticed that only the eighteenth century produced a type of literature in which the various arts were compared with each other and discussed on the basis of common principles, whereas up to that period treatises on poetics and rhetoric, on painting and architecture, and on music had represented quite distinct branches of writing and were primarily concerned with technical precepts rather than with general ideas. Finally, at least a few scholars have noticed that the term Art, with a capital A and in its modern sense, and the related term Fine Arts (Beaux Arts) originated in all probability in the eighteenth century. 在美学史和艺术批评的第十八个世纪的根本的重要性是公认的。可以肯定的是，已经有了大量的理论和趋势在过去的二百年中，不能很容易地歸納為一个共同。然而，所有的变化和最近的过去的争论意味着某些基本概念可以追溯到古典世纪现代美学。它是已知的，术语“美学”一词是在那个时候被創造的，和至少在一些历史学家认为，“艺术哲学” 這個主题本身，在比较最近的时代发明的，可应用于早期阶段的西方思想只有保留。这也普遍认为，这样的控制理念的现代审美情趣，天才，独创性和创造性的