我国制造业的规模经济效益影响因素分析[J].docVIP

我国制造业的规模经济效益影响因素分析 袁桂秋 张玲丹 （） 经济的看A An Analysis of Factors Influencing Scale Economy of the Manufacturing in China Abstract: From the development of economic theories, most economists ascribed firms scale economy to the efficiency of internal organization, which is the result of the firms own adjustment according to the external environment, thus the factors influencing the development of internal organization also have impact on returns to scale. By empirically analysing the influencing factors of listed companies scale efficiency during 2000-2006, this article shows that: 1) Fine macro-economy is quite beneficial to accumulating resources for enterprises, and is easy to generate scale of economy. 2) The internal organization is inheritable development of practices, which has a path-dependent to scale of economy. 3) The better of products competitiveness, the more booming of the profession, and the better of the profitability, so it is easier to reach economics of scale. The above conclusions demonstrate firms should form and retain fine internal organization, adjust it timely depending on the change of the main environmental elements, and finally bring resources accumulation effect to full play and then improve the returns of the scale of economy. Key words: Scale economy Evolution Internal organization DEA method 一、引言 规模经济有两方面含义，即内部规模经济和外部规模经济。内部规模经济是指企业的生产随其生产规模的扩大而产出效率递增的生产状况；外部规模经济是指整个行业或者整个区域的生产规模扩大而产出效率递增的经营状况。因为规模经济揭示生产规模和经济效果之间的关系，是资源积聚效应的体现，所以不管内部规模经济还是外部规模经济问题，都受到经济学界的广泛重视，本文主要讨论企业的内部规模经济效益问题。 从经济理论的发展过程看，大多数经济学家将企业规模经济效益归结为企业内部组织的效率，高效率的企业内部组织能产生较好的规模经济效益。亚当?斯密（1776）在《国富论》中指出：“劳动生产上最大的增进，以及运用劳动时所表现的更大的熟练、技巧和判断力，似乎都是分工的结果。”企业之所以能提高生产率，形成规模效益的原因在于企业有效组织内部劳动分工，形成专业化生产特点，劳动分工和专业化生产的有效组织能促进企业一定规模的批量生产，产生规模经济。亚当?斯密的劳动分工、专业化生产理论可以说是规模经济的一种古典解释。马歇尔（1890）在《经济学原理》一书中提出：“大规模生产的利益在工业上表现得最为清楚。大工厂的好处在于：专门机构的使用与改革、采购与销售、专门技术和经营管理工作的进一步划分。”马歇尔还论述了规模经济形成的两种途径，即依赖于个别企业对资源的充分有效利用、组织和经营效率的提高而形成的“内部规模经济”和依赖于多个企业之间因合理的分工与联合、合理的地区布局等所形成的“外部规模经济”。马克思（1867）在扩大再生产理论中指出，大规模