《Bridge engineering handbook桥梁工程手册-64欧洲桥梁设计实践》.pdf

64 Design Practice in Europe 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Design Philosophy • Loads 64.3 Short- and Medium-Span Bridges Steel and Composite Bridges • Concrete Bridges • Truss Bridges 64.4 Long-Span Bridges Girder Bridges • Arch Bridges • Truss Bridges • Cable-Stayed Bridges 64.5 Large Projects Second Severn Bridge • Great Belt Bridges • Jean M. Muller Tagus Bridges Jean Muller International, France 64.6 Future European Bridges 64.1 Introduction Europe is one of the birthplaces of bridge design and technology, beginning with masonry bridges and aqueducts built under the Roman Empire throughout Europe. The Middle Ages also produced many innovative bridges. The modern role of the engineer in bridge design appeared in France in the 18th century. The first bridge made of cast iron was built in England at the end of the same century. Prestressed concrete was born in France before extending throughout the world. Cantilever construction and incremental launching of concrete decks were devised in Germany, as well as modern cable-stayed bridges. The streamlined box-girder deck for long-span suspension bridges was born in England. The variety of bridges in Europe is enormous, from the point of view of both their age and th