词汇学Chapter 5 Sense relations.ppt

III. Synonymy 同义关系 Synonyms in translation 得其形不如得其势，得其势不如得其韵，得其韵不如得其性 得： 形： 势： 韵： 性： Better to ______ the _______than the _______ of the scenery, the _______ than the _______, and the _______ than the _______ Synonymy同义关系 Definition of synonyms Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.同义词是发音和拼写不同但在意义上极为相似或完全相同的词。 Synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech, for a verb cannot have an adjective as its synonym.同义词在外延意义和词性上要具有相似性。 definition Definition: (GK, syn---with, sharing; onym---name) words differing in forms but identical or similar in meaning. This definition is vague and not accurate. Why? 1.No polysemic word could have the same synonymous word for all its meanings. Head—chief leader administrator, supervisor… A good head for history— To use your head— It cost him his head— 2. Only the denotative meaning can be said to be identical or similar statesmen—politician adult—grown-up Definition : synonyms are words similar in essential or generic meaning, but different in form and associative meaning. Types of synonyms There are two kinds of synonyms: Absolute (complete or perfect) synonyms 绝对同义词 Relative synonyms 相对同义词 Absolute synonyms are fully identical and can be interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in associative meaning. Rare, but exist; usually scientific terms. word-formation---word-building compounding---composition breathed consonant---voiceless consonant Relative synonyms “Words are seldom exactly synonymous” --Dr. Johnson quasi-synonym, near-synonym words that are similar in denotations, but differing in shade of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Sources of synomys borrowing of words from L and F. Doublets成对词 Triplets三词词组 Dialects and regional English Figurative use of words Phrase