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Exploiting Energy and Mineral Resources in Central Asia,.pdf
The University of Adelaide
School of Economics
Research Paper No. 2010-16
July 2010
Exploiting Energy and Mineral Resources in
Central Asia, Azerbaijan and Mongolia
Richard Pomfret
July 2010
EXPLOITING ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
IN CENTRAL ASIA, AZERBAIJAN AND MONGOLIA*
Richard Pomfret
School of Economics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
richard.pomfret@.au
ABSTRACT: Recent literature has focussed on institutional degradation and revenue
volatility as major sources of a resource curse. Formerly centrally planned countries may be
especially vulnerable due to their mutating institutions and macropolicy inexperience. This
paper examines these issues through case studies of six former Soviet republics and
Mongolia. The principal focus is on the methods of involving foreign partners in exploration
and exploitation of natural resources and, to a lesser extent, on the use of revenues during
resource booms. The consequences of alternative resource ownership patterns are difficult to
model due to path dependency and the significance of the conjuncture of circumstances.
Kazakhstan in the 1990s was a prime example of rent-seeking institutional degradation, but
an exceptionally positive conjuncture in the 2000s (soaring oil prices, large oil and gas
discoveries,, and new pipelines) triggered institutional and policy evolution. Uzbekistan, by
contrast, had less resource-rent-driven institutional degradation in the 1990s, but stagnated in
the 2000s. Tur
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