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Food Fears: Health and Safety at the WTO
ANDREW T. GUZMAN*
ABSTRACT
Within the next twelve to twenty-four months, the World Trade
Organization (WTO) may have to rule on a dispute between the United
States and the European Communities (EC) regarding genetically
modified organisms (GMO). This Article explains why the
organization’s current jurisprudence risks making this case and others
like it an unnecessarily explosive and damaging one for the trading
system.
Existing WTO cases interpreting health and safety rules instruct
panels and the Appellate Body to determine if there is a “rational
relationship” between a challenged measure and the “risk assessment”
that must be conducted before a measure is adopted. In making a
ruling, therefore, panelists must evaluate scientific evidence, attempt to
gage the defendant’s willingness to tolerate risk, and assess the
relationship between risk and the challenged measure.
This Article argues that substantive review of this kind is unwise and
unnecessarily threatens the stability of the international trading system.
The WTO is poorly placed to evaluate either science or the risk
preferences of states. In addition, when the WTO finds a violation of
WTO obligations, the relatively weak enforcement mechanisms of the
organization will often be insufficient to overcome the political salience
of health and safety measures or the sovereignty implications of an
* Professor of Law, University of California at Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law. I owe
thanks to Jeff Atik, Stephen Choi, Kal Raustiala
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