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Nancy Fraser
From Redistribution to Recognition?
Dilemmas of Justice in
a ‘Post-Socialist’ Age
The ‘struggle for recognition’ is fast becoming the paradigmatic form of
political conflict in the late twentieth century. Demands for ‘recognition of
difference’ fuel struggles of groups mobilized under the banners of
nationality, ethnicity, ‘race’, gender, and sexuality. In these ‘post-socialist’
conflicts, group identity supplants class interest as the chief medium of
political mobilization. Cultural domination supplants exploitation as the
fundamental injustice. And cultural recognition displaces socioeconomic
redistribution as the remedy for injustice and the goal of political struggle.*
That, of course, is not the whole story. Struggles for recognition occur in a
world of exacerbated material inequality—in income and property owner-
ship; in access to paid work, education, health care and leisure time; but also
more starkly in caloric intake and exposure to environmental toxicity, hence
in life expectancy and rates of morbidity and mortality. Material inequality is
on the rise in most of the world’s countries—in the United States and in
68
Haiti, in Sweden and in India, in Russia and in Brazil. It is also increasing
globally, most dramatically across the line that divides North from South.
How, then, should we view the eclipse of a socialist imaginary centred on
terms such as ‘interest’, ‘exploitation’, and ‘redistribution’? And what
should we make of the rise of a new political imaginary centred on
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