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FUNDAMENTALS
OF PHOTONICS
Module
1.7
Optical Waveguides
and Fibers
Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology
New Delhi, India
The dramatic reduction of transmission loss in optical fibers coupled with equally important
developments in the area of light sources and detectors has brought about a phenomenal growth
of the fiber optic industry during the past two decades. The birth of optical fiber communication
coincided with the fabrication of low-loss optical fibers and room-temperature operation of
semiconductor lasers in 1970. Ever since, the scientific and technological progress in this field
has been so phenomenal that we are already in the fifth generation of optical fiber
communication systems within a brief span of 30 years. Recent developments in optical
amplifiers and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) are taking us to a communication
system with almost “zero” loss and “infinite” bandwidth. Indeed, optical fiber communication
systems are fulfilling the increased demand on communication links, especially with the
proliferation of the Internet. This module, Optical Waveguides and Fibers, is an introduction to
the basics of fiber optics, discussing especially the characteristics of optical fibers as regards
their application to telecommunication (to be covered in Module 1.8, Fiber Optic
Telecommunication) and fiber optic sensors.
Prerequisites
Prior to the module, you are expected to have covered Modules 1-1, Nature and Properties of
Light ; Module 1-2, Light Sources and Laser Safety ; Module 1-3, Basic Geometrical Optics ; and
Module 1-4, Basic Physical Optics . In addition, you should be able to manipulate and use
algebraic formulas involving trigonometric functions and deal with units.
© 2000 University of Connecticut 249
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