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CCE Working Paper 6/2012
Centre for Competition Economics
University of Johannesburg
www.uj.ac.za/cce
HARM AND OVERCHARGE IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN PRECAST CONCRETE
PRODUCTS CARTEL
Junior Khumalo, Jeffrey Mashiane, Simon Roberts1
juniork@compcom.co.za , jeffreym@compcom.co.za , simonr@compcom.co.za
8 May 2012
Abstract
The harmful effects of cartels depend on a number of features including the size of the
over-charge and the durability of the cartel. This paper examines the effect of a very long-
running cartel in a market with low barriers to entry and unstable demand, the South African
precast concrete products cartel. We describe how the cartel’s arrangements overcame
these dual challenges and examine mark-ups against alternative measures of the
competitive counterfactual. This includes a discussion of the use of punishment
mechanisms, the implications of vertical integration, how the cartelists adapted to entrants,
and the effect of information exchange on firms apparently not part of the explicit cartel.
These considerations also have implications for the transition after the end of the explicit
cartel arrangements and the extent to which coordinated outcomes may persist. There are
particular implications in South Africa where the Competition Appeal Court has held that the
penalty calculation should take account of the cartel mark-up.
JEL classification: L40, L41
1
Economists at the Competition Commission South Africa and associates of the UJ Centre for Competition
Economics. This paper is written in the authors’ personal capacity and does not neces
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