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LETTER
doi:10.1038/nature12186
Hofstadter’s butterfly and the fractal quantum Hall
´
effect in moire superlattices
1 2 3 3 3 2 4 4 5 5
C. R. Dean , L. Wang , P. Maher , C. Forsythe , F. Ghahari , Y. Gao , J. Katoch , M. Ishigami , P. Moon , M. Koshino ,
6 6 7 2 3
T. Taniguchi , K. Watanabe , K. L. Shepard , J. Hone P. Kim
Electrons moving through a spatially periodic lattice potential Replotting the Hofstadter energy spectrum as integrated density versus
develop a quantized energy spectrum consisting of discrete Bloch field shows that all spectral gaps are constrained to linear trajectories in
bands. In two dimensions, electrons moving through a magnetic the density–field diagram (Wannier diagram). This can be described
field also develop a quantized energy spectrum, consisting of highly by a simple Diophantine relation
degenerate Landau energy levels. When subject to both a magnetic
ðn=no Þ ~tðw=w Þzs ð1Þ
field and a periodic electrostatic potential, two-dimensional systems o
of electrons exhibit a self-similar recursive energy spectrum1. Known where n/n and w/w are the normalized carrier density and magnetic flux,
o o
as
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