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IRSH 49 (2004 ), Supplement, pp. 4 1 -64 DOI: 10.1o17/So020859004001634
© 2004 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis
Indigenous Communists and Urban Intellectuals in
Cayambe, Ecuador (1926-1944)
MARC BECKER
SUMMARY: This case study provides an example of how people from two
fundamentally different cultures (one rural, indigenous, Kichua-speaking and
peasant, and the other urban, white, Spanish-speaking and professional) overcame
their differences to struggle together to fight social injustices. Rather than relating to
each other on a seemingly unequal basis, the activists recognized their common
interests in fighting against the imposition of an international capitalist system on
Ecuadors agrarian economy. Emerging out of that context, activists framed
collective interests, identities, ideas, and demands as they worked together to realize
common goals. Their actions challenge commonly held assumptions that leftist
activists did not understand indigenous struggles, or that indigenous peoples
remained distant from the goals of leftist political parties. Rather, it points to how
the two struggles became intimately intertwined. In the process, it complicates
traditional understandings of the role of popular intellectuals, and how they
interact with other activists, the dominant culture, and the state.
In May 1926, Jesús Gualavisí, an indigenous leader representing the
Sindicato de Trabajadores Campesinos de Cayambe (Peasant Workers
Syndicate of Cayambe), traveled to the Ecuadorian highland capital city of
Quito to participate as a delegate in the founding of the Partido Socialista
Ecuatoriano (PSE, Ecuadorian Socialist Party). At the first session of the
congress, Gualavisí proposed that the assembly salute all peasants in the
Republic, indicating to them that the Party would work intensely on their
behalf. When the assembly drafted its final resolutions, Ricardo Pa
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