Investments of strongCompanystrong Stock in 401(k) Plans Impacts of.pdf

Investments of strongCompanystrong Stock in 401(k) Plans Impacts of.pdf

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Investments of Company Stock in 401(k) Plans: Impacts of Bankruptcy Risk and Holding Restrictions ∗ Melanie Cao Jason Wei Schulich School of Business Joseph L. Rotman School of Management York University University of Toronto 4700 Keele Street 105 St. George Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3 M5S 3E6 mcao@schulich.yorku.ca wei@rotman.utoronto.ca First verion: May 2004 Current verion: December 2004 Abstract The recent past has seen a wave of conversion from defined-benefit to defined-contribution pension plans. Among the corporate defined-contribution plans, 401(k) plans are the most popular. The majority of the plan sponsors either encourage or require employees to invest in company stocks. The imposed stock holding brings about welfare losses due to the lack of diversification and sub-optimal asset allocations. More importantly, as the lessons of Enron have taught us, employees can even lose a significant portion of their retirement safety net when the company goes bankrupt. How does bankruptcy risk affect employees’ optimal asset allocation? How much is the employee’s welfare loss from bearing the bankruptcy risk when required to invest in company stock? How much is the combined welfare loss due to both holding restrictions and bankruptcy risk? All of the ques

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