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ATR/92:4
Is Capitalism a Belief System?
Kathryn Tanner*
Are capitalist markets shaped by beliefs about the fundamental
character of human life and its moral values and ideals? If the answer
is “yes,” one can make a normative evaluation of such markets. One
can ask whether the principled beliefs—beliefs about right and wrong,
good and bad—that purportedly inform capitalist markets are correct
and, if they are, about the degree to which capitalist markets actually
manage to conform to them. In particular, theological beliefs about
human nature and about how humans should live become pertinent
to the normative evaluation of capitalist markets. Religious people on
theological grounds can assess the respects in which they are good or
bad and suggest ways to make them better—more ethical, humane,
and conducive to the common good.
To answer “yes” is to assume that capitalist markets require moral
justification, and that they are therefore, in principle at least, neither
essentially amoral nor necessarily immoral. The current global domi-
nance of capitalist markets—the simple fact that they blanket the
globe—is, to begin with, no argument in their favor. Alternatives exist
to capitalist markets. Not all societies have been or are presently orga-
nized around the production of goods for sale in markets of a capitalist
sort, where the supply of goods produced and the demand for them
find their regulation by way of an impersonal pricing mechanism.
For example, at other times and places and even now within cer-
tain sectors of our society—notably in some impoverished urban
areas1—economic well-being is determined in the main by whom one
knows and can enlist to do unpaid favors. Those who help you expect,
apart from any specifiable contract or overt calculation of possi-
ble future profit, to be likewise helped for free, either by you or
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