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John Komlos:
On the Biological Standard of Living of
Eighteenth-Century Americans: Taller, Richer, Healthier
Munich Discussion Paper No. 2003-9
Department of Economics
University of Munich
Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultät
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Online at http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53/
On the Biological Standard of Living of Eighteenth-Century Americans:
Taller, Richer, Healthier
John Komlos
Department of Economics
University of Munich
Abstract:
This study analyses the physical stature of runaway apprentices and military deserters
based on advertisements collected from 18th-century newspapers, in order to explore the
biological welfare of colonial and early-national Americans. The results indicate that
heights declined somewhat at mid-century, but increased substantially thereafter. The
findings are generally in keeping with trends in mortality and in economic activity. The
Americans were much taller than Europeans: by the 1780s adults were as much as 6.6
cm taller than Englishmen, and at age 16 American apprentices were some 12 cm taller
than the poor children of London.
JEL: N11, N31, I12, I31
Key Words: Anthropometrics, Living Standards, 18th century, colonial US
1
While the extremely rapid – and historically unprecedented - population growth
in the New World enables us to infer indirectly that the physical environment must have
been quite propitious to the health of its inhabitants relative to that of Europe, reliable
quantitative evidence substantiating this view in the colonial and early national periods
remains somewhat sparse.1 Conventional indicators of living standards such as income,
wealth, and per-capita GNP are limited both regionally and temporally, or are based on
either backward extrapolations of nineteenth century values or on Jones’s monumental
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